Grillot, ‘Dans ce Haut-Congo Fran9ais \ MC (1914), step one40-step one
96 AOM, AP648, Decree toward production of an excellent Commune at Brazzaville, 5 Oct 1911; address of Governor-General Merlin, BCAF, 10 (1910), 331; AOM, 4(2)D7, Annual declaration away from Moyen-Congo, Brazzaville, 1911. 97 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, thirty-six. 98 Mandat-Grancey, Bien au Congo, 182. 99 Veistroffer, Vingt arts, 103; Baratier, Au Congo, 121. a hundred Colonel Moll, Une dme de- colonial: lettres du Lieutenant-Colonel Moll (Paris, Emile-Paul, 1912), 10; Deschamps, De- Bordeaux bien au Tchad, 22-5; Frey, ‘Brazzaville’, 44-6; Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 32-step 3, step three 8 ^ 0 . 101 To possess metropolitan structures when you look at the colonial Africa, see, Philip D. Betts, Unsure proportions: west to another country empires on the twentieth-century (Minneapolis: College of Minnesota Drive, 1985), 114-46; Odile Goerg, ‘Reflexion sur l’architecture europeenne le enough time de la cote africaine a great partir de- l’exemple de- la Guinee’, from inside the Almeida-Topor and you will Riesz (eds.), Rencontres franco-allemandes en ce qui concerne VAfrique, 81-92; and you will Gwendolyn Wright, ‘Tradition on the provider out-of modernity: structures and urbanism in French colonial policy, 1900-1930’, Record of modern Record, 59 (Summer 1987), 291-316. 102 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 34. 103 For the history and you will need for the fresh Fourteenth off July for the Brazzaville, come across Phyllis M. Martin, ‘National vacations switched: the new fourteenth regarding July when you look at the Brazzaville’, report presented during the 30-seventh annual appointment of your own African Education Connection, Toronto, ps, ‘Rapport en ce qui concerne la region de Brazzaville’. 105 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, thirty-six. 106 Speech out of Governor-General Merlin, BCAF, 10 (1910), 337. 107 Gabrielle and Joseph Vassal, Franfais, Beige mais aussi Portugais dentro de Afrique Equatoriale (Paris: Pierre Roger, 1926), 42. 108 Headrick, ‘The perception out of colonialism into health’, 221. 109 Curtin, ‘Medical knowledge and you will urban planning’, 594-seven. 110 Ibid., 598-609; as well as Headrick, ‘The effect of colonialism on the health’, 1cuatro3-cuatro, 801-2. 111 Bonchamps, ‘Rapport en ce qui concerne la part de- Brazzaville’. 112 Frey, ‘Brazzaville’, 44; Sautter, De VAtlantique aufleuve Congo, vol. I, 398. 113 Challaye, Le Congo Franfais, 219. 114 JO, ps, ‘Rapport en ce dating sites Hawaii qui concerne la region de Brazzaville’; together with AOM, 4(2)D1, Brazzaville Officer so you can Commissioner-General for the Libreville, thirteen July 1901. 116 Quoted in Headrick, ‘The perception of colonialism toward health’, 383. 117 JO, 20 Can get 1905. 118 AGPSE, 510BVI, Yearly account ‘Oeuvres de- los angeles Sainte-Enfance’, twenty four October 1901,step 1 January 1903,10 November 1912. 119 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 42. Chikouangue was a mention of manioc money. 120 AOM, TP152, very first collection, Objective Fillon, Report from Yards. Henri on the Brazzaville personnel, 1913. 121 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 38-nine.
Fehderau, The foundation and growth of Kituba (Lingua Franca Kikongo) (Kisangani: Universite Libre du Congo, 1966) implies that Kituba was a language of the slave trade; William J
122 AGPSE, B706, Brazzaville Purpose Diary, 31 Can get 1908; Roentgen. P. C. 123 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 38-9. 124 Discover, such, J.-P. Chretien and you can G. Prunier (eds.), Les ethnies ont une histoire (Paris: Karthala, 1989); Leroy Vail (ed.), Producing tribalism from inside the south Africa (London: James Currey, 1989; Chris Gray, Adaptation and you can cultural label: the production of federal room in the outlying France and colonial space within the rural Gabon (Bloomington: Indiana College Focus on International Change and you can Globe Comfort, 1994); Terence Ranger, The brand new invention out-of traditions within the colonial Africa’, when you look at the Hobsbawm and you can Ranger (eds.), This new innovation out-of customs, 211-62, which he enjoys modified as the innovation off lifestyle revisited: the scenario out of colonial Africa’, into the Terence Ranger and Olufemi Vaughan (eds.), Legitimacy while the condition inside the 20th 100 years Africa (London: Macmillan, 1993), 62-111. Throughout the posting away from their essay, Ranger might have been swayed, and others, of the Benedict Anderson, Thought groups: reflections for the root and give out of nationalism (London: Verso, 1983). 125 Harold W. Samarin, New origins regarding Kituba and you can Lingala’, Diary off African Dialects and you can Linguistics, twelve, 1 (September 1991), 47-77, means that the diffusion is way more pertaining to foreign train specialists about lower Congo. 126 ASMF, Elizabeth l l . Brev fran Kongo, Lindgren to help you SMF, 18 Oct 1911; B and E. zero. step 1, Korr., Lindgren so you’re able to SMF, 11 November 1911; F. zero. 1, Dagbok, twenty two February 1914; Brev fran Kongo, Grams. A beneficial. Hult to help you SMF, 11 January 1918. 127 Address out of Governor-General Merlin, BCAF, ten (1910), 337. 128 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 38-9; AOM, 4(2)D13, Statement regarding the Pool section, Brazzaville, Will get 1913. 129 Mumbansa mwa Bawele, ‘Y a beneficial-t-il de l’ensemble des Bangalas?’ Zaire-Afrique, 78 (arin, ‘The root from Kituba and you will Lingala’, 47, 57-69, and you may ‘Bondjo ethnicity and colonial imagination’, Canadian Record away from African Education, 18 (1984), 345-65. 130 ‘Brazzaville’, BPSE, twenty-five (1909-10), 511; AGPSE, B706, Brazzaville Objective Diary, 30 Will get 1908,twenty five Sep 1910,step 1 December 1913. 131 Get a hold of sections 3 and you can 4. 132 Grillot, ‘Dans le Haut-Congo Francais’, 139; ‘Brazzaville’, BCPSE, twenty seven (1913-14), 55; P. Augouard, Quarante-quatre annees au Congo (Evreux: Poussin, 1934), fifty, 72-step three,105. 133 Girard,’Brazzaville’, 31, 30. 134 AOM, 4(2)D5, Management report, Moyen-Congo, September-November 1910. 135 Frederick Cooper, ‘Urban place, industrial time, and you may salary labor inside the Africa’, in his Struggle on the town, 23. 2 step one